山东三所新材料技术有限公司

　　俄乌实战经验表明，有效伪装是提高战场生存能力的必备技能。战场上皆是你死我活，稍有不慎即会丧命，切不可怕麻烦。

　　The practical experience of Russia and Ukraine shows that effective camouflage is an essential skill for improving battlefield survival ability. On the battlefield, it's all about life and death, and even a slight mistake can lead to death. Don't be afraid of trouble.

　　01人员伪装需要注意的问题战场上人员的主要暴露特征包括：人体特有的轮廓；着装的材质、颜色，头盔的圆润形状；武器和装备的存在；热辐射、无线电波反射； 特定的活动（行动痕迹和当地防御工事、射击时的声音与火光、嘈杂声、炉灶烟雾、手电筒光线、打火机火焰、香烟火光）。

　　The main exposed characteristics of personnel on the battlefield include: unique contours of the human body; The material and color of the attire, as well as the rounded shape of the helmet; The existence of weapons and equipment; Thermal radiation and radio wave reflection; Specific activities (action traces and local defense works, sound and fire during shooting, noise, stove smoke, flashlight light, lighter flames, cigarette flames).

　　实战表明，肉眼可在 1.5 - 2 公里的距离上发现人员，使用双筒望远镜和其他光学仪器可在 8 - 10 公里的距离上发现人员，热成像侦察设备则能在最远 0.5 公里的距离上发现人员。地面雷达侦察设备能够在最远 4 公里的距离上发现以 4 - 5 公里 / 小时速度移动的人员（与天气条件和时间无关）。

　　Practical experience has shown that the naked eye can detect personnel at a distance of 1.5-2 kilometers, using binoculars and other optical instruments can detect personnel at a distance of 8-10 kilometers, and thermal imaging reconnaissance equipment can detect personnel at a maximum distance of 0.5 kilometers. Ground radar reconnaissance equipment can detect personnel moving at a speed of 4-5 kilometers per hour at a maximum distance of 4 kilometers (regardless of weather conditions and time).

　　根据声音和光线暴露特征，人员可被敌方发现的距离如下：轻武器射击声，可达 2000 米；部队徒步行进声，可达 700 米；挖掘作业声（铲子、镐头的敲击声，可达 1000 米；单个士兵的脚步声，可达 30 米； 脚下树枝的断裂声，可达 70 米；匍匐前进时的沙沙声，可达 15 米；桨划水的声音，可达 500 米；轻武器射击的火光，可达 2000 米；物资的灯光，可达 8000 米；手电筒的光线，可达 1500 米；点燃的打火机火焰，可达 1500 米； 香烟火光，可达 500 米

　　According to the characteristics of sound and light exposure, the distance at which personnel can be detected by the enemy is as follows: the sound of light weapon firing can reach up to 2000 meters; The sound of troops marching on foot can reach up to 700 meters; The sound of excavation work (the sound of shovels and pickaxes hitting, up to 1000 meters; the sound of a single soldier's footsteps, up to 30 meters; the sound of tree branches breaking under their feet, up to 70 meters; the rustling sound of crawling forward, up to 15 meters; the sound of paddling water, up to 500 meters; the light of light weapons shooting, up to 2000 meters; the light of materials, up to 8000 meters; the light of flashlights, up to 1500 meters; the flame of a lit lighter, up to 1500 meters; the flame of a cigarette, up to 500 meters)

　　人员伪装可通过利用地形特点、有限能见度条件、使用割下的植被、制式伪装器材，以及遵守伪装纪律要求来实现。

　　Personnel camouflage can be achieved by utilizing terrain characteristics, limited visibility conditions, using cut vegetation, using standardized camouflage equipment, and complying with camouflage discipline requirements.

　　利用地形的外观特征（因地制宜）是指将人员部署在士兵的轮廓、着装颜色与观察背景（树干、岩石、围栏等）最大限度地融为一体的位置上。利用地形的伪装特性关键在于将人员部署和行动安排在自然伪装的掩护之下。将人员部署在自然伪装处（树冠下、茂密灌木丛中、建筑物内），能使其躲避敌人空中和地面的光学、雷达及热成像侦察设备的侦察。将人员部署在树林和灌木丛群、地形起伏处以及当地地物（土堆、建筑物、围栏等）后方，可使其躲避敌人的地面侦察。禁止将人员部署在地形平坦、开阔且背景单一、无明显对比色块的区域。

　　Utilizing the appearance features of the terrain (tailored to local conditions) refers to deploying personnel in positions where the contours, clothing colors, and observation backgrounds (tree trunks, rocks, fences, etc.) of soldiers are maximally integrated. The key to utilizing the camouflage characteristics of terrain is to deploy personnel and arrange actions under the cover of natural camouflage. Deploying personnel in natural camouflage areas (under tree canopies, in dense shrubs, inside buildings) can enable them to evade enemy aerial and ground-based optical, radar, and thermal imaging reconnaissance equipment. Deploying personnel behind forests, shrubs, undulating terrain, and local features such as mounds, buildings, fences, etc. can help them evade enemy ground reconnaissance. It is prohibited to deploy personnel in areas with flat, open terrain, single background, and no obvious contrasting color blocks.

　　为在野外伪装人员，其服装样式应采用迷彩布料。为隐蔽士兵轮廓，可在服装、头盔和装备上附加割下的植被。可使用针叶树、阔叶树和灌木丛的树枝，以及草丛。需要注意，在干燥炎热的天气里，植被会迅速枯萎，失去伪装特性，2 - 3 小时后就需更换为新鲜植被。

　　To camouflage personnel in the wild, their clothing style should use camouflage fabric. To conceal the silhouette of soldiers, vegetation can be added to clothing, helmets, and equipment. Branches of coniferous trees, broad-leaved trees, shrubs, and grass can be used. It should be noted that in dry and hot weather, vegetation will quickly wither, lose its camouflage properties, and need to be replaced with fresh vegetation after 2-3 hours.

　　为伪装头盔，除了使用植被，还可采用变形迷彩涂装、迷彩布制的头盔套，以及制式伪装覆盖物碎片。变形迷彩涂装的色块颜色和伪装覆盖物的类型应根据部队部署和行动区域的背景来选择（见图）。使用头盔套对防护头盔进行伪装进行变形迷彩涂装时，在具有保护色的头盔上，应喷涂一到两种当地主要颜色的对比色块。色块的最小线性尺寸应为 5 厘米。为使用制式伪装覆盖物伪装头盔，需裁剪尺寸为 45×45 厘米的碎片，将其放置在头盔上，并用末端（系紧或缝上）固定在头盔衬里上。

　　To camouflage helmets, in addition to using vegetation, deformed camouflage coating, camouflage cloth helmet covers, and standard camouflage cover fragments can also be used. The color of the color blocks and the type of camouflage cover for the camouflage coating should be selected based on the background of the troop deployment and operational area (see figure). When using helmet covers to camouflage protective helmets for deformation camouflage coating, one to two contrasting color blocks of the main local colors should be sprayed on helmets with protective colors. The minimum linear size of the color block should be 5 centimeters. To use a standard camouflage cover to disguise a helmet, it is necessary to cut fragments with a size of 45 × 45 centimeters, place them on the helmet, and fix the ends (fastened or sewn) to the helmet lining.

　　人员的制式伪装器材包括伪装服：迷彩连体服，用于夏季植被背景（正面）和裸露地面背景（反面）；白色伪装服，用于雪地背景。使用伪装服可将人员被发现的距离缩短 2 - 3 倍（见图）。当伪装服，尤其是冬季伪装服弄脏时，其伪装性能会下降。因此，伪装服应始终存放在干净的地方，并在执行战斗任务前立即穿上。带有头盔用于隐藏头部的迷彩连体服配有风帽、面部面具和固定植被的带子。伪装服款式为带风帽的上衣和裤子。

　　The standard camouflage equipment for personnel includes camouflage suits: camouflage jumpsuits, used for summer vegetation backgrounds (front) and exposed ground backgrounds (back); White camouflage suit, used for snow background. Using camouflage clothing can shorten the distance at which personnel are detected by 2-3 times (see figure). When camouflage clothing, especially winter camouflage clothing, gets dirty, its camouflage performance will decrease. Therefore, camouflage clothing should always be stored in a clean place and worn immediately before carrying out combat missions. A camouflage jumpsuit with a helmet for hiding the head, equipped with a hood, facial mask, and straps for securing vegetation. The camouflage clothing style is a top and pants with a hood.

　　在所有情况下，人员都应根据地形灵活移动。在没有被敌人发现风险的情况下（如在树林、灌木丛、路堤中），可以直立行走（跑步）或弯腰行进。

　　In all cases, personnel should move flexibly according to the terrain. In situations where there is no risk of being detected by enemies (such as in forests, bushes, or embankments), one can walk upright (running) or bend down to move.

　　快速奔跑是为了迅速通过处于敌人视线范围内的开阔地带。匍匐前进用于隐蔽接近预定目标，以及通过被敌人监视的地段。

　　Fast running is to quickly pass through open areas within the enemy's line of sight. Crawling forward is used to conceal and approach predetermined targets, as well as to pass through areas under enemy surveillance.

　　在树林中行进时，应靠近道路（两侧）。通过草地和林间空地时要快速奔跑。在林中空地行动时要格外小心。

　　When walking in the forest, one should approach the road (on both sides). Run quickly when passing through grasslands and forest clearings. Be extra careful when operating in open spaces in the forest.

　　在草丛、高秆作物地或成熟的麦田中行进时，为避免暴露，应小心地拨开植被并轻轻放下，动作不要过猛。进入居民点时，应从果园、菜园一侧进入。靠近建筑物时，要从没有窗户的墙壁一侧靠近，沿着街道阴暗的一侧行走，紧贴围栏并利用植被掩护。

　　When walking in grass, tall crop fields, or mature wheat fields, to avoid exposure, the vegetation should be carefully cleared and gently lowered without excessive force. When entering residential areas, one should enter from the side of the orchard or vegetable garden. When approaching a building, approach from the side of the wall without windows, walk along the dark side of the street, closely follow the fence, and use vegetation cover.

　　休息时，应选择自然隐蔽处；若没有自然隐蔽处，则选择在地形地物（灌木丛、石头、路堤等）的背阴面，且不要有剧烈动作。

　　When resting, one should choose a natural hiding place; If there is no natural hiding place, choose the shaded side of the terrain and features (shrubs, stones, embankments, etc.), and do not make violent movements.

　　夜间，人员应部署在高地斜坡、路堤边坡、靠近当地地物的位置，确保人员轮廓不会在天空背景下凸显出来。未采取伪装措施时，禁止使用手电筒、打火机、吸烟。光源必须用不透明材料（如雨披等）从各个方向妥善遮蔽。

　　At night, personnel should be deployed on high slopes, embankment slopes, and near local features to ensure that their contours are not highlighted against the sky background. Do not use flashlights, lighters, or smoke without taking camouflage measures. The light source must be properly shielded from all directions using opaque materials such as raincoats.

　　物资应分散存放在茂密的树冠下、屋檐下、沟渠中等，确保其免受空中和地面的监视。

　　Materials should be scattered and stored under dense tree canopies, eaves, ditches, etc., to ensure that they are not monitored by air and ground.

　　为防止人员被敌人的热成像侦察设备发现，可使用制式伪装器材和当地材料遮挡脸部和手部。

　　To prevent personnel from being detected by enemy thermal imaging reconnaissance equipment, standard camouflage equipment and local materials can be used to cover the face and hands.

　　为躲避地面雷达侦察，所有人员的行动（尤其是向敌人方向的行动）都应选择有自然掩护的路线，利用地形褶皱行进。

　　To avoid ground radar reconnaissance, all personnel's movements (especially towards the enemy) should choose routes with natural cover and utilize terrain folds to advance.

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